不銹鋼打包蹲便器的性能要求及沖水過程特點

對不銹鋼打包蹲便器產品的   ，既有專門針對坐便器設計的，也有專門針對坐便器功能的，還有專門針對設計流程管理的……但卻沒有針對將坐便器區域性   與坐便器的設計結合起來   其對實現坐便器節水功能的影響，并對節水型坐便器的設計有實用價值的，這正是本文的創新點。而本文的理論價值在于既是對有關坐便器產品   理論的完善和補充又是非常具有方法論意義的。運用分類法、比較法和演繹法來進行歸納總結，較后得出有事實根據的可信賴的結論。

坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)風(feng)格(ge)與(yu)節(jie)水功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)有關(guan)系(xi)嗎(ma)?與(yu)水箱配件的(de)(de)選取有關(guan)系(xi)嗎(ma)?從(cong)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)風(feng)格(ge)可以決定(ding)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)是(shi)否節(jie)水嗎(ma)?答案是(shi)肯定(ding)的(de)(de)，坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)節(jie)水功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)造(zao)型(xing)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)相互影響相互制約的(de)(de)。我們要從(cong)造(zao)型(xing)設(she)計(ji)(ji)風(feng)格(ge)這個視角來   其與(yu)節(jie)水型(xing)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)節(jie)水功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)之間的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)，從(cong)而發現(xian)那些坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)造(zao)型(xing)設(she)計(ji)(ji)風(feng)格(ge)設(she)計(ji)(ji)元素   有益于實現(xian)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)產品的(de)(de)節(jie)水功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

   表明(ming)，較有利于實現節水功能的(de)(de)(de)坐便(bian)(bian)(bian)器造型設計風格應該(gai)是圓潤、方正(zheng)和銳利風格的(de)(de)(de)；是源于同(tong)一造型設計方案的(de)(de)(de)分體坐便(bian)(bian)(bian)器；常規技術的(de)(de)(de)“高水箱”連(lian)體坐便(bian)(bian)(bian)器；隱藏管道(dao)式坐便(bian)(bian)(bian)器還有圓形造型設計元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)雙檔按鈕式控(kong)制開關(guan)。

而我們(men)通常所說的水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要是(shi)指(zhi)陸地(di)上的淡(dan)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，陸地(di)上的淡(dan)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)只(zhi)占(zhan)地(di)球上水(shui)體總量(liang)2.53，其中大(da)部分(fen)又是(shi)分(fen)布在兩   等地(di)區的固體冰(bing)川，很難(nan)加(jia)以利(li)(li)用。目前(qian)人(ren)類比較容易利(li)(li)用的淡(dan)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，主(zhu)要是(shi)河流水(shui)、淡(dan)水(shui)湖泊水(shui)和淺層(ceng)地(di)下水(shui)，儲量(liang)約(yue)占(zhan)淡(dan)水(shui)總儲量(liang)的0.3，只(zhi)占(zhan)總儲水(shui)量(liang)的十(shi)萬分(fen)之七。

我(wo)國是(shi)一個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)短(duan)缺的(de)   ，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)總量(liang)居世界(jie)第六位，按人(ren)均水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)計量(liang)，人(ren)均占有量(liang)為(wei)2500立(li)方米(mi)，為(wei)世界(jie)人(ren)均水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)1/4，世界(jie)排名第110位，被聯合國列為(wei)13個貧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)   之一。長(chang)期以來受傳統價值觀(guan)念影響，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)被長(chang)期無償利用(yong)，導致(zhi)人(ren)們(men)的(de)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)意(yi)識低(di)下，造成了巨大的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)浪費和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)非持續利用(yong)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)口益短(duan)缺，合理、利用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，保(bao)護生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)，維護人(ren)與自然的(de)和諧，已(yi)經成為(wei)二(er)十一世紀人(ren)類共(gong)同的(de)使命。 

隨著生活水平的(de)提高，人們對家庭中的(de)衛(wei)生潔具的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)越來越高，不銹鋼(gang)水沖坐(zuo)便在要(yao)求(qiu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)現   的(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)同時，還講求(qiu)其美觀的(de)造型(xing)，并(bing)且還要(yao)滿(man)足目(mu)前(qian)節水的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。衛(wei)生潔具的(de)質量要(yao)求(qiu)包(bao)括(kuo)尺寸(cun)允(yun)差，外觀質量、變形、物理性能(neng)(neng)、沖洗功(gong)能(neng)(neng)等。

沖洗功(gong)能是坐便(bian)器在規定水(shui)量下將(jiang)便(bian)器內(nei)污物排出(chu)并將(jiang)便(bian)器洗凈(jing)的能力。毫無疑問(wen)，沖洗功(gong)能是坐便(bian)器較主要的性能要求之一。

坐便器(qi)(qi)按(an)沖(chong)(chong)洗方式可(ke)分為沖(chong)(chong)落式、虹(hong)吸(xi)式以及噴射虹(hong)吸(xi)式等(deng)類(lei)型。沖(chong)(chong)落式坐便器(qi)(qi)靠水(shui)向(xiang)下的(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)力(li)將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)物沖(chong)(chong)出便器(qi)(qi)，其沖(chong)(chong)出力(li)量的(de)(de)大小由(you)水(shui)在水(shui)箱(或(huo)在沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)閥上面的(de)(de)管道中(zhong))中(zhong)具(ju)有的(de)(de)勢能減(jian)去(qu)水(shui)流到沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)污(wu)(wu)物處的(de)(de)沿(yan)程損失差(cha)值所決定。虹(hong)吸(xi)式則由(you)水(shui)在便器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)形成(cheng)虹(hong)吸(xi)，主(zhu)要靠虹(hong)吸(xi)產生的(de)(de)抽(chou)力(li)將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)物排出便器(qi)(qi)。

針對所(suo)要(yao)   的(de)(de)內(nei)容和(he)對象定義，只將坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器從根(gen)本(ben)上分(fen)為沖落式和(he)虹(hong)吸(xi)式兩大類，而將一(yi)些小的(de)(de)類別包含在其中。由于(yu)地理(li)、生(sheng)活習慣和(he)歷史的(de)(de)原因，沖落式坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器主要(yao)在歐洲被廣泛(fan)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，虹(hong)吸(xi)式坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器則(ze)是在亞洲、美洲等(deng)被廣泛(fan)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，在中國(guo)，則(ze)是同時使(shi)(shi)用(yong)沖落式和(he)虹(hong)吸(xi)式坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器。

那么這兩種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)到(dao)底有(you)(you)什么區(qu)別呢?沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)單純(chun)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)排掉存(cun)儲于(yu)水(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)差產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)力(li)來(lai)(lai)(lai)清潔(jie)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)并(bing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)走污(wu)(wu)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；而(er)虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)則(ze)在(zai)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)排掉存(cun)儲于(yu)水(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)差產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)力(li)以外，同時還(huan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)原(yuan)(yuan)理，由(you)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)排污(wu)(wu)管(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特定造型，當整個管(guan)道(dao)充滿水(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)，虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)原(yuan)(yuan)理產(chan)生，將便(bian)池內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)吸(xi)(xi)走。從清潔(jie)力(li)度方面來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)   加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)優(you)點，因為它利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)了(le)兩種物(wu)理原(yuan)(yuan)理；但從清潔(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量來(lai)(lai)(lai)說，沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)   有(you)(you)潛力(li)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)少(shao)(shao)(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)實(shi)現(xian)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)效果，其(qi)(qi)原(yuan)(yuan)因在(zai)于(yu)，虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)原(yuan)(yuan)理是(shi)(shi)需要   量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以這就是(shi)(shi)為什么，在(zai)不(bu)利于(yu)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)電子(zi)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提條件下，一(yi)方面，沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)較少(shao)(shao)(shao)只(zhi)(zhi)需要3升水(shui)(shui)就能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)完成(cheng)基(ji)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，且其(qi)(qi)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)現(xian)通常是(shi)(shi)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)3/6L雙檔沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)水(shui)(shui)，給使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)   多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作選擇和(he)節水(shui)(shui)選擇，即大便(bian)后(hou)(hou)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)6L水(shui)(shui)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)，小(xiao)便(bian)后(hou)(hou)則(ze)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)3L水(shui)(shui)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)，現(xian)在(zai)   是(shi)(shi)已經開始有(you)(you)3/4.5L用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙檔沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)打入市場了(le)；另一(yi)方面，虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)較少(shao)(shao)(shao)需要4.8L水(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)實(shi)現(xian)其(qi)(qi)清潔(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，并(bing)且，市場上只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)   少(shao)(shao)(shao)數產(chan)品(pin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)達到(dao)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術要求，絕大部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)產(chan)品(pin)都只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)達到(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)6L水(shui)(shui)實(shi)現(xian)其(qi)(qi)清潔(jie)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，而(er)且都采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)式(shi)(shi)單檔沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)置，也就是(shi)(shi)說不(bu)管(guan)大便(bian)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)便(bian)后(hou)(hou)，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)都只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)6L水(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)污(wu)(wu)物(wu)，在(zai)   程度上無形(xing)中(zhong)造成(cheng)了(le)水(shui)(shui)資源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費。目(mu)前(qian)，只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)在(zai)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)電子(zi)技術和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理原(yuan)(yuan)理時，虹(hong)(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)才(cai)會以   少(shao)(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)量實(shi)現(xian)較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清潔(jie)效果。

所以，從常(chang)(chang)規(gui)技術背景(jing)出發，可以說在(zai)同一(yi)清潔效(xiao)果的要求下，沖(chong)落(luo)式(shi)坐(zuo)便器遠比虹吸式(shi)坐(zuo)便器   節水(shui)；在(zai)使用非常(chang)(chang)規(gui)技術的輔助時(shi)，沖(chong)落(luo)式(shi)坐(zuo)便器依然(ran)比虹吸式(shi)坐(zuo)便器   有潛力實現節水(shui)功能。由此，我們(men)可以簡單的歸納為(wei)，沖(chong)落(luo)式(shi)坐(zuo)便器比虹吸式(shi)坐(zuo)便器   節水(shui)。 

1、坐便器(qi)沖洗(xi)性能的要(yao)求及(ji)測試標準

不(bu)銹鋼坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)結構由四部分組(zu)成，即水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)、坐(zuo)圈、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)包和排污(wu)管(guan)(guan)，坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排污(wu)功能是(shi)靠水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)中(zhong)沖(chong)(chong)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)將存在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)包中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)物沖(chong)(chong)出排污(wu)管(guan)(guan)來實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)。按照排污(wu)方式不(bu)同，坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)一般分為(wei)沖(chong)(chong)落式和虹吸式兩種。它(ta)是(shi)由水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)向下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)力(li)(li)(li)將污(wu)物沖(chong)(chong)出便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)，沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)力(li)(li)(li)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)是(shi)由水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)箱(xiang)中(zhong)具有的(de)(de)(de)(de)勢能減去水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)到沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)(ji)污(wu)物處的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦阻力(li)(li)(li)。虹吸式是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)形成虹吸，靠虹吸產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)抽力(li)(li)(li)將污(wu)物排除(chu)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。不(bu)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)哪種坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)，其沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)能都   滿足以下(xia)要求：

(1)沖(chong)刷性(xing)能：在水(shui)箱中(zhong)   量水(shui)的沖(chong)刷下，將粘附(fu)于(yu)便器表(biao)面污物沖(chong)洗(xi)干凈；

(2)排(pai)污性能：在水箱中   量水的作用下(xia)，將污物(wu)沖離便器，排(pai)出(chu)至直下(xia)水管道；

(3)隔離性(xing)能：沖(chong)水(shui)完成后(hou)，便(bian)器中應存有   量(liang)潔凈水(shui)，使(shi)室內空氣與下水(shui)管(guan)道保持(chi)隔離，防止下水(shui)管(guan)道內異味進入室內。

   對坐(zuo)便器的(de)沖(chong)(chong)洗性能測(ce)試(shi)制定(ding)了專門(men)的(de)實驗方(fang)法，并列入了   標準，即GB/T6952(99版(ban))。其中，對于(yu)沖(chong)(chong)刷(shua)性能，測(ce)試(shi)的(de)方(fang)法是(shi)以規定(ding)量(liang)的(de)水(shui)沖(chong)(chong)刷(shua)軟(ruan)筆在水(shui)包內壁劃(hua)的(de)墨痕(hen)，沖(chong)(chong)完(wan)后累計殘(can)留(liu)的(de)墨痕(hen)不大于(yu)50毫米，則該(gai)(gai)項為(wei)合格；對于(yu)排(pai)污功能，是(shi)采用水(shui)沖(chong)(chong)聚丙(bing)(bing)烯球的(de)方(fang)法來衡量(liang)，即在水(shui)沖(chong)(chong)發泡(pao)坐(zuo)便中放入100個直徑為(wei)19mm，密度為(wei)0.85-0.90g/cm3的(de)聚丙(bing)(bing)烯球，以規定(ding)水(shui)量(liang)的(de)水(shui)去沖(chong)(chong)，連續進行3次，3次沖(chong)(chong)出球數的(de)平均值(zhi)不小于(yu)75，則該(gai)(gai)項為(wei)合格。

2、沖落式(shi)坐便器沖水過(guo)程的特(te)點

沖(chong)(chong)落式(shi)坐(zuo)便器的沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)水(shui)箱水(shui)在(zai)勢能的作用下，進入坐(zuo)圈(quan)分流(liu)后(hou)，沖(chong)(chong)刷水(shui)包(bao)兩側(ce)和(he)前后(hou)部分，較后(hou)依靠水(shui)流(liu)動能將水(shui)包(bao)中固(gu)體(ti)污物沖(chong)(chong)出排(pai)污管道的過(guo)程(cheng)，整個沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)在(zai)幾(ji)秒鐘(zhong)之(zhi)內完成(cheng)，因此，可以認為沖(chong)(chong)落式(shi)坐(zuo)便器沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)過(guo)程(cheng)是(shi)三維非穩態多相(xiang)藕合流(liu)動過(guo)程(cheng)，其中多相(xiang)包(bao)括空(kong)氣相(xiang)、水(shui)相(xiang)和(he)固(gu)體(ti)污物相(xiang)。

沖(chong)落(luo)式坐便器沖(chong)水過程的另一個(ge)特點是沖(chong)水流(liu)道(dao)復(fu)雜，既有水箱、坐圈以及排污(wu)管(guan)這樣的封閉流(liu)道(dao)，又(you)有水包這樣的開放(fang)流(liu)道(dao)，是帶自(zi)(zi)由表面(mian)的流(liu)動問題，因此(ci)，在利用計(ji)(ji)算流(liu)體動力學進行數值計(ji)(ji)算時，既要考慮固(gu)定(ding)邊(bian)界，還要考慮自(zi)(zi)由邊(bian)界。