衛生間公用便器設備同日本公共無障礙設計發展

　　<一>、衛生間公用便器設備

　　公用衛生間(jian)的潔具(ju)設(she)備主(zhu)要包括大便(bian)器、小(xiao)便(bian)器和洗(xi)手盆(pen)等，對這些(xie)潔具(ju)設(she)備的選擇(ze)應根據公用衛生間(jian)以及建筑規(gui)模(mo)來選擇(ze)相應的設(she)備設(she)施(shi)。

　　大便器有(you)蹲式和坐(zuo)式之(zhi)分(fen)。不銹鋼蹲便在一(yi)些人 流量大、使(shi)用頻率較高的公(gong)用衛生間內還是具(ju)有(you)較大的需求量。

　　坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)按照結構(gou)形(xing)式可以分為分體(ti)(ti)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和連(lian)體(ti)(ti)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩種，分體(ti)(ti)式坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不易清洗，空間占用大，但價格相對便(bian)宜；連(lian)體(ti)(ti)式坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)樣(yang)式新穎美觀，便(bian)于清洗，空間占用小，但價格相對較高。

　　衛生間的(de)(de)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)有下(xia)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(又叫底排(pai))和(he)橫(heng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(又叫后排(pai))之分。橫(heng)排(pai)式(shi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)在地面上(shang)，使用(yong)時(shi)要用(yong)一段(duan)膠管與坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)后出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)連接。底排(pai)式(shi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)，俗稱地漏，使用(yong)時(shi)只要將坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)與它對(dui)正就(jiu)行了。一般較老的(de)(de)建筑是橫(heng)排(pai)的(de)(de)，大多(duo)數較新建筑都是底排(pai)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統，在選擇坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)時(shi)，就(jiu)確定一下(xia)地漏的(de)(de)中心與墻面的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)(li)，這個距(ju)離(li)(li)有220mm，305mm，400mm和(he)420mm等(deng)多(duo)種規格。坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)選擇應該與此(ci)距(ju)離(li)(li)匹配(pei)才(cai)能安裝。橫(heng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)要和(he)橫(heng)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)高度相等(deng)或略高，才(cai)能污水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)出(chu)的(de)(de)順暢。30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)中下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)；20~25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)后下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)；距(ju)離(li)(li)在40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)前下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)。

　　坐便器按(an)污物下水(shui)的(de)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)分為“沖(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“虹(hong)吸沖(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”和“虹(hong)吸漩(xuan)渦(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”等(deng)。沖(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及虹(hong)吸沖(chong)(chong)落(luo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)注水(shui)量約6升(sheng)左右，排污，但沖(chong)(chong)水(shui)聲音較(jiao)大；而漩(xuan)渦(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一次用水(shui)量大，但有(you)良好的(de)靜音效果。直(zhi)沖(chong)(chong)虹(hong)吸式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坐便器兼有(you)直(zhi)沖(chong)(chong)、虹(hong)吸兩(liang)者的(de)優(you)點(dian)，既能沖(chong)(chong)洗污物，也可(ke)起到節水(shui)的(de)作用。

　　就坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器水箱而言，規定使用6升(sheng)以下(xia)的(de)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器。現(xian)在(zai)市場上(shang)的(de)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器多數是6升(sheng)的(de)，許多廠家還推出了(le)大小解分開(kai)的(de)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器，用兩個開(kai)關控制3升(sheng)和6升(sheng)的(de)水量，這種(zhong)設計更有利于節(jie)水。

　　就公用(yong)(yong)衛生間而言，蹲便(bian)器現(xian)在(zai)還占有數量的(de)(de)份額，尤(you)其是(shi)在(zai)一些人 流量大而且使(shi)用(yong)(yong)頻率很高的(de)(de)公用(yong)(yong)衛生間當(dang)中(zhong)，不(bu)銹鋼蹲便(bian)器的(de)(de)選用(yong)(yong)普遍。

　　<二>、日本公共無障(zhang)礙設(she)計(ji)發(fa)展

　　日(ri)(ri)本(ben)政府在考慮老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)齡化社會(hui)(hui)需求(qiu)(qiu)和(he)經濟發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)勢，在注意解決老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、、教(jiao)育(yu)、社會(hui)(hui)福利、年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)金等(deng)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，也在開(kai)始(shi)(shi)著手(shou)他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居住(zhu)(zhu)及生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些專家(jia)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，要(yao)造(zao)(zao)就一個適合老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)、地(di)區(qu)、家(jia)庭，只(zhi)有(you)延長(chang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)自(zi)(zi)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期限，才能從(cong)根本(ben)上(shang)(shang)緩(huan)和(he)因老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)增(zeng)加造(zao)(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撫(fu)養系數(shu)日(ri)(ri)益增(zeng)加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾，減輕一部分(fen)只(zhi)有(you)半自(zi)(zi)理能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)給家(jia)庭、社會(hui)(hui)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負擔，他們(men)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，建(jian)(jian)筑設(she)計(ji)(ji)只(zhi)以(yi)占人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對象(xiang)是很不的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de).應把(ba)全體(ti)公(gong)(gong)民(min)都(dou)能利用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準，使老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也能同健(jian)全人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一道共享社會(hui)(hui)物質(zhi)文(wen)明之果(guo)，其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)提高這部分(fen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)常(chang)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)主程度(du)，擴(kuo)大(da)(da)他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)圈和(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動范圍(wei)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)設(she)省在東京都(dou)建(jian)(jian)立(li)了二百套輪椅公(gong)(gong)營住(zhu)(zhu)宅；1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)房產公(gong)(gong)司開(kai)始(shi)(shi)提供老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)夫婦住(zhu)(zhu)宅；住(zhu)(zhu)宅金融機構也實行青年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同住(zhu)(zhu)補貼制度(du)，同時厚(hou)生(sheng)省為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)供應浴缸、便(bian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)設(she)備，并資助他們(men)從(cong)事住(zhu)(zhu)宅改(gai)建(jian)(jian)。在此基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)厚(hou)生(sheng)省為(wei)(wei)(wei)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)社會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)，提出了“福利城市政策”，其(qi)宗旨(zhi)是，城市建(jian)(jian)設(she)要(yao)體(ti)現文(wen)明，關心所(suo)(suo)有(you)公(gong)(gong)民(min)，包括為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)。其(qi)主要(yao)內(nei)容是建(jian)(jian)議20萬以(yi)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市在指(zhi)定(ding)地(di)點(dian)實施下列(lie)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)：交通(tong)路口(kou)(kou)(kou)應配置設(she)施；公(gong)(gong)共場所(suo)(suo)配備輪椅；公(gong)(gong)共場所(suo)(suo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)開(kai)放；修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)廁所(suo)(suo)；為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浴缸，周圍(wei)墻上(shang)(shang)應裝扶手(shou)，有(you)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方配備移動式浴缸車；公(gong)(gong)共廁所(suo)(suo)內(nei)除正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蹲便(bian)器外，為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)設(she)置帶扶手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不銹鋼(gang)坐便(bian)；為(wei)(wei)(wei)殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)住(zhu)(zhu)宅裝電話(hua)，建(jian)(jian)立(li)電話(hua)服務網(wang)；對廣(guang)大(da)(da)公(gong)(gong)民(min)進(jin)行關心殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟蒙教(jiao)育(yu)。按(an)照這些要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，日(ri)(ri)本(ben)指(zhi)定(ding)了53個城市，經過三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力，實施了以(yi)上(shang)(shang)條(tiao)款。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)厚(hou)生(sheng)省為(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)一步推進(jin)“福利城市政策”將(jiang)上(shang)(shang)述條(tiao)款又擴(kuo)大(da)(da)到10萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市，強調不僅社會(hui)(hui)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)便(bian)利條(tiao)件，住(zhu)(zhu)宅建(jian)(jian)設(she)也加緊。老(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、殘(can)(can)(can)疾(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)居住(zhu)(zhu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)，建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)(zhu)宅，給城市規劃(hua)、建(jian)(jian)筑設(she)計(ji)(ji)提出了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)題。

　　1973年建設(she)(she)(she)省(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)職(zhi)業介紹所、勞動監督署(shu)等解決殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)就業問(wen)題的單(dan)位首先做(zuo)起，便道的路線和(he)入口(kou)以坡道取代部分臺階(jie)。1975年建設(she)(she)(she)省(sheng)(sheng)完成了(le)“考慮(lv)殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)的設(she)(she)(she)計資料”，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)計部門(men)參照執(zhi)行。1980年建設(she)(she)(she)省(sheng)(sheng)修改了(le)“公(gong)營住(zhu)宅(zhai)法”規定單(dan)身老年人(ren)、殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)優入公(gong)營住(zhu)宅(zhai)。1981年在(zai)殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)年，日本建設(she)(she)(she)省(sheng)(sheng)提出(chu)了(le)“考慮(lv)殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)的設(she)(she)(she)計指南”。1982年日本建筑(zhu)(zhu)師(shi)聯合制定了(le)“考慮(lv)殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)人(ren)的建筑(zhu)(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)計標準”。與(yu)此(ci)同時，文部省(sheng)(sheng)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)立博物(wu)館要(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)使用輪椅(yi)者進入的問(wen)題，郵政省(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)郵局入口(kou)，門(men)前設(she)(she)(she)坡道并(bing)采用電動門(men)。1975年警察署(shu)公(gong)布了(le)統一的視覺殘(can)(can)疾(ji)(ji)者信(xin)號裝置(zhi)。