發布者:普森金屬
發布日(ri)期(qi):2018-08-28城市居民生活日常用水主要包括沖廁、洗澡、烹飪和盟洗,其中便器用水是居民生活用水的重要組成部分,占日常生活用水的25%~30%, 坐便器的節水性能對節水具有重要意義。
《節水(shui)(shui)型生活用(yong)水(shui)(shui)器具》(CJ164-2002)規(gui)定(ding)坐便器產(chan)品每(mei)次沖(chong)洗周期大(da)(da)(da)(da)便沖(chong)洗用(yong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)不大(da)(da)(da)(da)于6L。與(yu)沖(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)量(liang)直(zhi)接有(you)關的(de)參數(shu)有(you)一次較大(da)(da)(da)(da)沖(chong)洗水(shui)(shui)量(liang)、較大(da)(da)(da)(da)瞬(shun)時(shi)流量(liang)、后續補充水(shui)(shui)量(liang)等,其中較大(da)(da)(da)(da)瞬(shun)時(shi)流量(liang)不僅(jin)影響(xiang)便器的(de)沖(chong)污能力,同(tong)時(shi)也影響(xiang)排水(shui)(shui)管道內的(de)氣壓波動。
目前評(ping)價(jia)節水(shui)型坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)主要標(biao)準是排(pai)污能力(li),即(ji)在相同排(pai)污能力(li)下(xia)用(yong)水(shui)量越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)越(yue)(yue)好,或相同水(shui)量下(xia)沖污能力(li)越(yue)(yue)強越(yue)(yue)好。因此,測定、分析坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)排(pai)水(shui)口出流(liu)曲線及較(jiao)大瞬時(shi)流(liu)量,用(yong)以判斷(duan)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)性(xing)能,并(bing)在排(pai)水(shui)管道系統氣壓波動 中作為選擇合(he)適(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)(bian)器(qi)的(de)依(yi)據。
1.坐便器類型選擇根據
目前(qian), 關于坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)的(de) 主(zhu)要基于坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)污性(xing)能(neng),除了(le)坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)的(de)沖(chong)洗(xi)水(shui)(shui)量,其(qi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)方式、排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)流量等都會對其(qi)排(pai)(pai)污性(xing)能(neng)產生(sheng)影響。坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)流量,特(te)別是其(qi)峰值(zhi)流量是評價(jia)坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)污性(xing)能(neng)的(de)主(zhu)要指標,因(yin)此通(tong)過測試坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)的(de)流量變化曲線,比較(jiao)分析不同類型坐(zuo)便器(qi)(qi)的(de)排(pai)(pai)污特(te)性(xing)。
2.坐便器排水口流(liu)量測定方(fang)法
采用(yong)動(dong)態體積法測定(ding)便器(qi)的水(shui)量(liang)曲線。測量(liang)時,水(shui)流入排水(shui)體積測量(liang)容器(qi),容器(qi)內(nei)水(shui)位上升導(dao)致測壓點壓強增大(da),水(shui)越(yue)深則壓強越(yue)大(da),電壓信號也越(yue)強。
虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式坐(zuo)便(bian)器主要依靠虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)作用來完成排水(shui)(shui)(shui)。當坐(zuo)便(bian)器內的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面高度(du)達到虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)管道(dao)(dao)較(jiao)(jiao)高點(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)管道(dao)(dao)內充(chong)滿水(shui)(shui)(shui)而產生虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi),形成抽吸(xi)(xi)力。坐(zuo)便(bian)器A的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)量能在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)短的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)內達到較(jiao)(jiao)大值(zhi)1.5L/s,且其(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)大值(zhi)遠(yuan)大于(yu)B的(de)(de)較(jiao)(jiao)大瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)量1.1L/s。究其(qi)原(yuan)因,沖(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)A能使水(shui)(shui)(shui) 快地充(chong)滿虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)管道(dao)(dao),從而較(jiao)(jiao)早實現虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui),從沖(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)到排水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)量達到峰值(zhi)用時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)4s(開始(shi)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)約2.1s),而B用時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)7a(開始(shi)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)約3.3s)。即B的(de)(de)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)管道(dao)(dao)充(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),形成虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)現象時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)己有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排出,坐(zuo)便(bian)器內所(suo)剩水(shui)(shui)(shui)量難以(yi)為繼(ji),所(suo)以(yi)其(qi)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)量較(jiao)(jiao)小。
噴射(she)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)特(te)點是在虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)增加(jia)了一個噴射(she)孔道(dao),噴射(she)口對(dui)準排污管(guan)道(dao)入口的(de)(de)(de)(de) ,噴射(she)口徑通(tong)常(chang)為20mm。噴射(she)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)原理是借(jie)助其(qi)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)水流沖(chong)力將污物排入排污管(guan)道(dao)內,同時借(jie)助其(qi)沖(chong)力使水加(jia)速充滿排污管(guan)道(dao)以 虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)形(xing)成。虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)和沖(chong)落式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)兩(liang)種截(jie)然不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理,虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)比沖(chong)落式(shi)(shi)有(you) 明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)優越性。此外,在普通(tong)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),完(wan)善坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)造,形(xing)成噴射(she)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)和漩渦虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),使沖(chong)水過程中虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)現象 地(di)產生,形(xing)成 的(de)(de)(de)(de)抽吸(xi)(xi)力,這無疑進一步提升了虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)水能力。
總起來看,不(bu)同坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)形式(shi)其出流(liu)曲(qu)線形式(shi)差異(yi)很(hen)大(da),且峰(feng)值流(liu)量(liang)差異(yi)也非常大(da),比較(jiao)理想的坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)出流(liu)曲(qu)線應該是“劈(pi)峰(feng)”型,如漩渦(wo)噴(pen)射虹吸(xi)式(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)、噴(pen)射虹吸(xi)式(shi)坐(zuo)便(bian)器(qi),其特點是排水(shui)初期水(shui)量(liang)浪費(fei)(fei) 少、峰(feng)值流(liu)量(liang)大(da),沖(chong)污力強;而“丘陵”型曲(qu)線排水(shui)初期水(shui)量(liang)浪費(fei)(fei)較(jiao)大(da)、峰(feng)值流(liu)量(liang)小,沖(chong)污力弱。
在此需說明的(de)是(shi)峰(feng)值流量是(shi)坐(zuo)便器(qi)沖污能(neng)力的(de)主要指(zhi)標之一,但(dan)同時(shi)也應注意到峰(feng)值流量越(yue)大(da),它(ta)進入排水(shui)管(guan)道(dao)后對系統中(zhong)的(de)氣(qi)壓(ya)波(bo)動影(ying)響也會(hui)(hui)越(yue)大(da),當(dang)多層同時(shi)排水(shui)時(shi)會(hui)(hui)對排水(shui)管(guan)道(dao)的(de) 度產(chan)生較(jiao)大(da)影(ying)響。
3結論
(1)沖(chong)落式(shi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)依靠勢能完(wan)成(cheng)沖(chong)洗過程,峰(feng)值(zhi)流量(liang) 小(xiao)(xiao);普通虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)由于未設噴(pen)射孔,虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)較噴(pen)射式(shi)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)產生(sheng)稍晚,峰(feng)值(zhi)流量(liang)也(ye)較小(xiao)(xiao);噴(pen)射虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)、漩渦噴(pen)射虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)具有(you)虹(hong)(hong)吸(xi)(xi)產生(sheng)早、峰(feng)值(zhi)流量(liang)大(da)的特(te)點,峰(feng)值(zhi)流量(liang)明顯優于其他2種(zhong)沖(chong)洗形式(shi)的坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)便(bian)器(qi)。
(2)不(bu)同排(pai)水(shui)形式(shi)的坐便(bian)器(qi)(qi)沖洗過程(cheng)持續(xu)的時(shi)間也不(bu)相同。噴射式(shi)虹吸(xi)(xi)坐便(bian)器(qi)(qi)由(you)于虹吸(xi)(xi)產生(sheng)早,沖水(shui)過程(cheng)持續(xu)時(shi)間 短,能在瞬間完(wan)成較好排(pai)污(wu)效果;其次(ci)是(shi)普通虹吸(xi)(xi)式(shi)坐便(bian)器(qi)(qi);持續(xu)時(shi)間 長的是(shi)沖落(luo)式(shi)坐便(bian)器(qi)(qi)。
(3)由(you)于結構差異(yi),即使排水形式相同的坐便器其(qi)峰值流量(liang)也(ye)存在 的差異(yi),“劈峰”型(xing)峰值流量(liang)曲(qu)線優于“丘陵”型(xing)。
(4) 排水系(xi)統壓(ya)力波動時宜選擇峰值流量大的產品形式,如噴(pen)射(she)式虹(hong)吸坐(zuo)便(bian)器和漩渦(wo)噴(pen)射(she)虹(hong)吸式坐(zuo)便(bian)器,因(yin)其排水時對系(xi)統中(zhong)的氣(qi)壓(ya)影響大。